Decision Gates

All 348 decision gates across the handbook, in chapter order. Each gate is one branch point in a chapter's decision tree.

1. Legal Ethics for Victorian Criminal Practice — Comprehensive Cheat Sheet

• GATE 0 Where did the information come from? — the question that selects the rule
• GATE 1 Have you misled the court, or merely failed to correct someone else? (r 19)
• GATE 2 The client confesses guilt but maintains a plea of not guilty (r 20.2)
• GATE 3 The client or the client's witness has lied, falsified or suppressed (r 20.1)
• GATE 4 The client tells you they intend to disobey a court order (r 20.3)
• GATE 5 May I disclose? — confidentiality and its six exceptions (r 9)
• GATE 6 Is there a conflict? — current clients, former clients, and your own interests (rr 10–12)
• GATE 7 Are you prosecuting? — the minister of justice (r 29)
• GATE 8 Must you withdraw, and can you? (rr 13, 27)

3. Police Powers — Lawful? → Excluded? (Vic + Cth)

• GATE 1 Is there a statutory arrest power, exercised on the required state of mind?
• GATE 1A Procedural requirements of a lawful arrest (common law, preserved) — Slaveski v State of Victoria [2010] VSC 441
• GATE 2 Use of force (s 462A) — composite subjective + objective test
• GATE 3 Warrant, or a warrantless power on reasonable suspicion/belief?
• GATE 3B s 82 DPCSA — 'actually' vs 'possibly' has drugs
• GATE 3C Designated areas (COWA ss 10D–10KA) — is the declaration itself valid? (Browne [2026] FCA 15)
• GATE 4 Is the person 'in custody'? (s 464(1)) — the safeguards attach here
• GATE 4B Recording of admissions (s 464H) — a strict admissibility rule
• GATE 5 Fingerprints (ss 464K–464Q) — age-gated (changed 30 Sep 2025)
• GATE 5A Forensic procedures / DNA (ss 464R–464ZFB)
• GATE 6 s 138 threshold + balance

4. Compulsory and Coercive Examinations (Vic)

• GATE 1 Which regime is this?
• A1 Section 103 — application for the order
• A2 Section 104 — the order
• A3 Section 105 — service and enforcement
• A4 Section 106 — how the hearing runs
• B1 MCIPA — the gateway to a coercive examination
• B2 MCIPA — conduct of the examination
• B3 MCIPA — privilege, immunity, and the point most people get wrong
• B4 MCIPA — offences, contempt and secrecy
• B5 MCIPA — getting the material into, or keeping it out of, the prosecution
• B6 The companion principle — examining a person who has been charged
• B7 Remedies where the examination was unlawful or the material was misused

5. Bail — Master Reference (Vic)

• GATE 0 Summary-offence filter (s 4AAA)
• GATE 1 Identify the step 1 threshold test (s 4AA)
• GATE 1B Repeat-indictable uplift (s 4AA(4A)) — commenced 31 March 2026
• GATE 2 Unacceptable risk (s 4E) — applies in EVERY case
• GATE 2A s 4F 'high degree of probability' overlay (from 30 September 2025)
• s 4A Exceptional circumstances — Schedule 1
• s 4C Show compelling reason — Schedule 2
• s 4E Unacceptable risk — the universal test
• s 4F High degree of probability — statutory presumption of unacceptable risk
• s 3A Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander applicants
• s 3B Children and the youth justice overlay
• s 5AAAA Family violence accused (note: s 5AAAA — not s 5AAAAA)
• s 3AAAA Mental health and cognitive impairment
• STEP 1 First decision — police and bail justices
• STEP 2 Further applications to a court (ss 18, 18AA)
• STEP 3 Variation of conditions (ss 18AC, 18AD)
• STEP 1 Correction of error (House v The King)
• STEP 2 Rehearing de novo (s 18A(6))

6. Youth Justice — Jurisdiction, Procedure & Sentencing (Vic)

• GATE A Age at the date of the offence
• GATE A1 Rebutting doli incapax (12–13)
• GATE A2 Who decides capacity, and when
• GATE 1 Mandatory exclusion — no jurisdiction
• GATE 2 Destination court on uplift
• GATE 3 Presumptive uplift — must NOT be heard summarily unless…
• GATE 3 ↺ Resisting the uplift — keep it in the Children’s Court
• GATE 4 Child’s election
• GATE 5 Discretionary refusal — exceptional circumstances
• §4A Higher-court sentencing (County / Supreme)

7. Fitness to be Tried & Mental Impairment (CMIA) — Exam Cheat Sheet (Vic)

• FIT Unfit if, because of disordered or impaired mental processes, the accused is/will be unable to — s 6(1)
• INV When must the judge order an investigation? — s 9
• OUT Found unfit → the 12-month question (s 14F)
• MI Established if, at the time of the conduct, the MI had the effect that the accused — s 20(1)
• DISP NGMI or 'committed the offence' → liable to supervision OR unconditional release (ss 18, 23, 26)

9. Committals Master — Victoria

• GATE 0A Which regime? (s 463(1); s 98)
• GATE 0B Summary-jurisdiction interface (ss 28–30) — before anything crystallises
• GATE 1 s 100(1A); s 123; Part 4.6A (ss 127A–127F)
• GATE 3 Application, test, conduct

10. Splitting a Trial — Severance and Separate Trials (Vic)

• GATE 1 Was the joinder lawful in the first place? (misjoinder is not a discretion question)
• GATE 2 Which power are you invoking?
• GATE 3 The statutory test — s 193(3)
• GATE 4 Sexual offences — the statutory presumption in s 194
• GATE 5 Cross-admissibility — the pivot of the whole application
• GATE 7 Practice — when, where, who bears the onus
• GATE 8 Appeal routes

11. Permanent Stay of Criminal Proceedings (Vic)

• GATE 1 Which court can grant the stay?
• GATE 2 Identify the category of abuse of process
• GATE 3 Apply the test — is there a fundamental, incurable defect?
• GATE 4 Historical offences — is the prejudice actual or merely speculative?
• GATE 6 If a permanent stay is not available, what lesser order is?
• GATE 7 Practice — how the application is run
• GATE 8 If the stay is refused, how do you get it before the Court of Appeal?
• GATE 9 Standard of appellate review

12. Vulnerable Witnesses — Which Regime Applies? (Vic)

• GATE A Ground rules hearing (ss 389A–389E)
• GATE B Intermediary (ss 389F–389K)
• GATE C Alternative arrangements (ss 359–363)
• GATE D Was the direction requested? (JDA ss 12–16)

13. Competence, Compellability & Unfavourable Witnesses (Vic)

• GATE 1 · s 13 Does the witness have capacity? (competence)
• GATE 2 · s 13(5) Unsworn evidence — the mandatory instructions
• GATE 3 · s 14 Reduced capacity — not compellable
• GATE 5 Children, comment & unreliability directions
• GATE 1 · s 38(1) The three things you may cross-examine your own witness about
• GATE 2 · s 38 What does 'unfavourable' mean?
• GATE 3 · s 38 Getting leave
• GATE 4 · s 38 How far can the questioning go?
• GATE 5 · s 38 Jury directions

14. Relevance (Vic) — ss 55–58 Evidence Act 2008

• FILTERS Where relevance stops and the other rules start
• s 57(1) Provisional / conditional relevance
• s 57(2) Common purpose / conspiracy

15. Hearsay — The Admissibility Sequence (Vic)

• STEP 1 Is the evidence relevant? (ss 55, 56)
• STEP 2 For what purpose is the evidence adduced?
• STEP 3 The hearsay rule (s 59)
• 4.1 Non-hearsay purpose — the s 60 'open door'
• 4.2 The first-hand limitation (s 62)
• 4.5 First-hand admissions (s 81)
• STEP 5 Is the evidence protected by a privilege? (Part 3.10)

16. Admissions — ss 81–90 (Vic)

• GATE 2 · s 85 Reliable? (criminal proceedings only)
• GATE 3 · s 86 + s 464H Properly recorded?
• GATE 4 · s 90 Unfair to use? (the safety net)
• GATE 5 · s 138 Improperly or illegally obtained?

17. Opinion Evidence — ss 76–80 (Vic)

• GATE 1 Is it 'opinion' — and why is it relevant? (s 76)
• GATE 2 Relevant otherwise than as opinion? (s 77)
• GATE 3 Lay opinion? (s 78)
• GATE 3A Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander laws and customs (s 78A)
• GATE 4 Expert opinion? (s 79) — the two criteria
• GATE 4A 'Specialised knowledge' — what counts
• GATE 4B 'Training, study or experience'
• GATE 4C 'Wholly or substantially based' — the cogent link
• GATE 5 Ultimate issue & common knowledge (s 80)

18. Identification Evidence — ss 113–115 (Vic)

• GATE 0 The Dictionary definition
• s 114 The rule and every subsection
• 1COP 'The witness was intentionally influenced' (s 114(2))
• 1FB 'The witness looked my client up on Facebook'
• 1OBV 'My client sticks out in the array'
• 1LU 'They should have done a line-up'
• 1PDE 'It wasn't practical / reasonable to hold a parade'
• 1RECID 'It's not identification, it's recognition'
• 1PID 'This witness is demonstrably bad at identifying people'
• s 115 Every sub-rule
• VOICE s 78 lay opinion — not a field of expertise
• JDA Jury Directions Act 2015 Pt 4 Div 4 — replaces s 116 AND s 165(1)

19. Tendency & Coincidence — ss 97, 98 & 101 (Vic)

• GATE 1 Is it actually tendency / coincidence evidence?
• GATE 2 Notice given? (s 97(1)(a) / s 98(1)(a))
• GATE 3 Significant probative value? (s 97(1)(b) / s 98(1)(b))
• GATE 3A Is 'close similarity' required?
• GATE 3B Single or multiple complainants?
• GATE 3C Tendency to ACT, temporal gap & specificity
• GATE 4 · s 101 PROSECUTION ONLY REQUIREMENT: does probative value substantially outweigh prejudice?
• GATE 5 Directions — no standard of proof on the tendency

20. Character Evidence — ss 109–112 (Vic)

• GATE 1 Has the accused raised good character? (s 110(1))
• GATE 2 General, or in a particular respect? (s 110(1))
• GATE 3 Does a particular-respect claim create a false impression?
• GATE 4 Is the prosecution's rebuttal actually relevant?
• GATE 5 Leave to cross-examine on character (s 112)
• GATE 6 Is a good character direction given? (Jury Directions Act 2015, ss 14–16)

21. Credibility Evidence — ss 101A–108C (Vic)

• GATE 1 Is it credibility evidence at all? (s 101A)
• GATE 2 · s 103 Cross-examination — substantial?
• GATE 3 · s 104 The accused — the shield
• GATE 4 · s 106 Rebutting denials by other evidence
• GATE 5 · s 108 Re-establishing credibility
• GATE 6 · ss 108A–108B People who are not witnesses
• GATE 7 · s 108C Expert evidence about credibility

22. Prior Inconsistent Statements — s 43 (Vic)

• GATE 1 Whose witness is it? (the route to adduce)
• GATE 2 · s 43 The 'put it to the witness' rule
• GATE 3 Getting it in — the credibility exceptions
• GATE 4 · s 45 Where a document is involved
• GATE 5 Jury directions on a PIS

23. Privilege — ss 117–134 (Vic)

• GATE 1 Is there a privileged communication? (ss 118–120)
• GATE 3 Has privilege been lost or waived? (ss 121–126)
• GATE · s 128 A witness objects to self-incriminating evidence

24. DNA Evidence — Admissibility & Lawfulness (Vic)

• GATE 1 Relevance (ss 55–57)
• GATE 2 Opinion rule & the s 79 exception (ss 76–80)
• GATE 2A Reliability is NOT a s 79 question — the trap
• GATE 3 s 137 exclusion — probative value vs unfair prejudice
• GATE 4 Is there power to take the sample?
• GATE 5 Was it done lawfully? — the admissibility consequence

25. Improper Questions (s 41) & DREC (Vic)

• GATE 1 · s 387G Requirements for MAKING a DREC
• GATE 2 · s 387F Requirements for ADMISSIBILITY

26. Pretext Calls — Purpose, Admissibility & Exclusion (Vic)

• GATE 0 Lawfulness of the recording
• GATE 1 Identify the prosecution's purpose — this drives everything
• GATE 2 Express or implied admission? The specificity spectrum
• GATE 2A Silence as an implied admission
• s 85 · 1 Step 1 — The gateway (s 85(1)): who was the admission made to?
• s 85 · 2 Step 2 — The circumstances test (s 85(2)–(3))
• s 85 · 3 The crucial distinction — circumstances vs objective truth: R v GP (2015) 35 NTLR 117
• PAVITT Pavitt v The Queen (2007) 169 A Crim R 452 at [70] — adopted in Victoria

27. Exclusion of Evidence — Master Cheat Sheet (Vic)

• M1 · s 84 Influencing conduct — violence, oppression, threats
• M3 · s 90 The residual fairness discretion
• M4 · Crimes Act The record of interview (ss 464A–464H)
• M4A · CPA Div 7B DREC — the FV recorded statement
• M5 · ss 137 & 135 Prejudice — mandatory and general
• M6 · ss 138–139 Improperly or illegally obtained evidence

28. Excluding a Record of Interview — the s 464 Series (Vic)

• GATE 1 Is this a s 464H case? (the only automatic bar)
• GATE 2 Pollard — was there earlier unrecorded questioning?
• GATE 3 s 464H(2) — the 'exceptional circumstances' escape clause
• GATE 4 The other breaches — running them through the Evidence Act
• GATE 5 Procedure — the voir dire

29. Prior Convictions — Can You Adduce Them?

• GATE 1 · CREDIBILITY s 103 Against a witness — cross-examination as to credit
• GATE 2 · CREDIBILITY s 106 Witness denies the conviction — proving it from another source
• GATE 3 · CREDIBILITY s 104 Against the ACCUSED — the shield
• GATE 4 · ss 97, 101 Priors as TENDENCY evidence
• GATE 5 · ss 91, 92, 178, 180 PROVING it — the s 91 bar and how to get around it

30. Post-Offence Incriminating Conduct (Vic)

• GATE 1 Is it 'incriminating conduct' within s 18?
• GATE 2 What is it being used for? — the dual-use split
• GATE 3 Was s 19 notice given?
• GATE 4 Is it 'reasonably capable'? — s 20 gatekeeping
• GATE 5 The mandatory s 21 direction
• GATE 6 The request directions — ss 22 and 23 — and the s 24 prohibition

31. Tendency Directions — Is There an Appeal Point? (Vic)

• GATE 0 What is the tendency built from?
• GATE 1 Is the complaint that the notice replicates the charges?
• GATE 2 Did the trial judge follow the Roder preference?
• GATE 3 The 'summing up as a whole' test
• GATE 4 Was the intermediate-fact standard correctly isolated?
• GATE 5 Is this a 'thin' tendency case? — the countervailing warning

32. Prior Sexual History Evidence (Vic) — Comprehensive Practitioner Cheat Sheet

• GATE 0 Does Division 2 apply at all? (s 339)
• GATE 1 Is it sexual REPUTATION? (s 341) — the absolute bar
• GATE 2 Is it 'sexual activities' under s 342? — and note the two-concept trap
• GATE 3 Screen out the two forbidden purposes (ss 343 and 352(a))
• GATE 4 The machinery — how leave is actually sought (ss 344–348)
• GATE 5 The leave test itself (s 349), filtered through s 352
• GATE 6 After the ruling — reasons (s 351) and the appeal route (s 295)

34. Serious Driving Offences — Which Charge Applies? (Vic)

• GATE 1 Threshold element — was the accused driving a motor vehicle?
• GATE 2 What was the outcome? (picks the column)
• GATE 3 What level of culpability? (picks the row)
• GATE 4 If culpable driving (s 318): which form of culpability?

35. Sexual Offences Against Adults — Which Charge Applies? (Vic)

• GATE 0 Special victim or conduct category?
• GATE 1 Core track — what was the physical conduct?
• GATE 2 Penetration — direct or compelled?
• GATE 3 Consent + fault overlay — runs on EVERY contact charge (ss 38–42)
• TRAP Ex post facto consent — the “next morning” statement (2024 Section A Q1)
• GATE 4 No completed contact — what was the conduct?
• GATE 5 Cognitive impairment / mental illness track (ss 52B–52E)
• GATE 6 Incest track (ss 50C–50F) — which relationship?

36. Care, Supervision or Authority — and "Contrary to Community Standards" (Vic)

• GATE 2 Is there an established and ongoing relationship capable of exploitation?
• GATE 3 The relationship must be contemporaneous
• THE TEST Where it lives and how it works

37. Burglary-family Offences — The Sexual-Intent Condition (Vic)

• GATE 1 The threshold condition
• GATE 2 Which section is charged?
• GATE 3 Which sexual offence was intended?
• GATE 4 The SORA narrowing
• GATE 5 What sentence was imposed?

39. Drug Quantity Aggregation — The Formula (Vic & Cth)

• VIC · s 70(1) Choosing the divisor — the three rules
• VIC · Giretti Course-of-conduct aggregation (the rolled-up count)
• CTH · Subdiv B Organised commercial activity (the federal 'business' count)

41. FV Orders — Which Order / Regime? (Vic)

• GATE 1 Does the FVPA apply at all?
• GATE 2 Need immediate protection before court?
• GATE 3 Protection pending the final decision?
• GATE 4 Final order?

42. FVIO Order Pathway (Vic)

• STEP 1 Commence
• STEP 2 Service (s 48 / 205)
• STEP 3 Mention date — possible outcomes
• STEP 4 Directions hearing (optional — not mandatory)
• STEP 5 Final hearing
• STEP 6 After the final order
• STEP 7 Challenge the order

43. FV Contravention — Which Charge? (Vic)

• GATE 1 What was breached?
• GATE 2 Intent / knowledge to cause harm or fear?
• GATE 3 Persistent contravention? (s 125A)

44. Attempt — Vic Criminal Law

• ELEMENT 1 Did the accused intend to commit the principal offence?
• ELEMENT 2 Was the conduct more than merely preparatory AND immediately and not remotely connected with the offence?
• IMPOSSIBILITY Did facts unknown to the accused make the offence impossible — or was there no real offence at all?
• WITHDRAWAL Can the accused abandon or withdraw from an attempt?

45. Incitement — Vic Criminal Law

• ELEMENT 1 The inciting conduct (actus reus) — s 321G(1)
• ELEMENT 2 Intention (mens rea) — s 321G(2)
• IMPOSSIBILITY Factual impossibility vs the imaginary crime

46. Conspiracy (Vic & Cth) — ss 321–321F Comprehensive Reference

• ELEMENT 2 Intention to form the agreement
• SCOPE Scope, particulars & absolute-liability elements

47. Complicity (Involvement) — Vic Criminal Law

• s 323(1)© What the Crown must prove — agreement
• THE GATE Does the principal's outcome defeat the secondary party?
• GATE 0 Complicity, or a discrete offence?
• GATE 1 The dividing line — agreement or unilateral assistance?
• GATE 2 Joint commission — agreed offence, or an escalation? (c vs d)
• GATE 3 Accessorial — assistance to the offence, or to a foundational offence? (a vs b)
• WITHDRAWAL s 324(2) — not s 324C(3)

48. Defences (excluding Mental Impairment) — Exam Cheat Sheet (Vic)

• A Is the charge murder?
• B Evidential onus — s 322I(1)
• C Which Part IC defence(s) arise on the facts?
• D Apply the overlays before concluding
• E Legal onus — s 322I(2)
• SD Two-limb test — s 322K(2)
• DUR Elements — s 322O(2)
• SEE Elements — s 322R(2)
• CON Consent = free and voluntary agreement — s 36(1)
• AGE Belief as to age — sexual penetration of a child under 16 (s 49B)

50. Victorian Sentencing — Comprehensive Cheat Sheet

• GATE 0 Which regime governs? — does a special scheme displace or overlay the ordinary frame?
• GATE 1 Constraint check — is ordinary discretion displaced?
• GATE 2 Category 1 — custodial order mandatory (s 5(2G))
• GATE 3 Category 2 — custodial order unless an exception (s 5(2H))
• GATE 4 Statutory minimum sentences & the s 10A special reason
• GATE 5 Standard sentence scheme (ss 5A, 5B, 11A)
• GATE 6 The s 5(2) mandatory considerations
• GATE 7 Aggregate sentence? (s 9)
• GATE 8 Cumulation or concurrency? (s 16)
• GATE 9 Protective regimes — serious offenders, CCE, indefinite
• GATE 10 Non-parole period (s 11)

51. Standard Sentence Scheme (Vic) — Concept, History & Application

• STEP 1 Take the standard into account (s 5B(2))
• STEP 2 Use it as a guidepost inside instinctive synthesis (s 5B(3))
• STEP 3 Give reasons that engage the standard (s 5B(4)–(5))

52. Cumulation & Concurrency (Vic)

• GATE 1 The default — s 16(1) presumption of concurrency
• GATE 2 Is the case excluded from the presumption? — s 16(1A)
• GATE 3 Which cumulation rule applies?
• GATE 4 Serious offenders — Part 2A and s 6E
• GATE 5 Exercising 'unless otherwise directed'
• GATE 6 Totality — and the separate 'crushing sentence' test
• GATE 7 Where the offender is ALREADY serving a sentence
• GATE 8 Pre-sentence detention — s 18
• GATE 9 The Renzella discretion — and where it stops
• GATE 10 Aggregate sentences — s 9(1) and the s 9(1A) prohibitions

53. Verdins — Impaired Mental Functioning at Sentencing (Vic)

• GATE 1 Impairment of mental functioning?
• GATE 2 Cogent evidence of the impairment?
• GATE 3 Which limb(s) are engaged?
• GATE 4 Causal connection to the offending (culpability & deterrence limbs)
• GATE 5 Mandatory-sentencing overlay — Category 1 / 2 offence?

54. Bugmy — Deprived Background in Sentencing

• STEP 1 District Court of NSW — Lerve ADCJ
• STEP 2 NSW Court of Criminal Appeal — Crown appeal allowed
• STEP 3 High Court of Australia — appeal allowed, remitted
• STEP 1 Establish the background by evidence
• STEP 2 Frame it as equal justice, not as a discount
• STEP 3 Neutralise the temporal argument
• STEP 4 Meet the countervailing case head-on
• STEP 5 Keep Bugmy and Verdins separate on the page

55. Drug Offences — Sentencing (Vic & Cth)

• GATE 1 State or Commonwealth?
• GATE 2 Is it a 'serious drug offence'? — Confiscation Act 1997 (Vic) s 3(1)
• GATE 3 Is it a Part 2A 'drug offence'? — Sentencing Act 1991 s 6B(2), Sch 1 cl 4
• GATE 4 The Part 2A consequences — what changes
• GATE 5 Commonwealth — Pt IB Crimes Act 1914, s 16A

56. Commonwealth Sentencing — Comprehensive Cheat Sheet

• GATE 1 Summary or indictable? (ss 4G, 4H, 4J)
• GATE 2 Mandatory minimum? (ss 16AAA, 16AAB, 16AAC)
• GATE 3 Imprisonment is a last resort (s 17A(1))

57. Commonwealth Sentencing — The Sentencing Sequence (Cth)

• GATE 0 Child / young person filter (s 20C)
• GATE 1 Jurisdiction & summary sentencing caps (ss 4G, 4H, 4J)
• GATE 2 Method & disputed facts (Markarian; Olbrich)
• GATE 3 Mandatory-minimum check — Cth child sex offences (ss 16AAA–16AAC)
• GATE 4 Select the disposition — imprisonment is last resort (s 17A)
• GATE 5 Fix the release mechanism — RRO vs NPP (ss 17A, 19AC, 19AB, 19AG)
• GATE 6 Multiple offences, commencement & time in custody (ss 19, 4K, 16E)

58. Ancillary Orders (Vic) — Which Order, Which Test, Which Authority

• M1·A Restraining order — the gateway (ss 14, 16, 18)
• M1·C Forfeiture order (ss 32–33) — Schedule 1, discretionary
• M1·D Pecuniary penalty order (ss 58–59, 67)
• M1·E Conviction-independent mechanisms
• M3·A Maker, subject and the s 112E public interest test
• M4·A Start from open justice
• M4·B Which suppression order — and the s 18 grounds
• M5·A Restitution of stolen goods (s 84)
• M5·B Compensation for injury (s 85B)
• M5·C Compensation for property loss or damage (s 86)

59. Serious Offenders — Post-Sentence Orders (Vic)

• BRIDGE Sentencing label → post-sentence gateway

60. Serious Sex Offender Orders — Post-Sentence Scheme (Vic)

• GATE 0 Eligible offender? (s 8)
• GATE 1 Who applies, and to which court? (ss 12–13, 61)
• GATE 2 The threshold — unacceptable risk
• GATE 3 Supervision or detention? Detention is the last resort (s 64(1))

61. Spent Convictions — Is This Conviction Spent? (Vic)

• GATE 1 Immediate spending (s 7)
• GATE 2 Serious conviction classification (s 3)
• GATE 4 Serious conviction → spent conviction order (ss 11, 19)

62. Appeals — Comprehensive Reference (Vic & Cth Criminal)

• Situation → order
• Content
• Content